Referencias académicas

SGA - Sistema Globalmente Armonizado

• Bibliografía del Sistema Globalmente Armonizado · Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo

Referencias bibliográficas completas

Debajo se presenta la lista completa de recursos bibliográficos consultados para el desarrollo de todo nuestro material didáctico, académico y científico. Número atómico

• The Periodic Table of Elements, American Institute of Physics
• The Development of the Periodic Table, Royal Society of Chemistry
• Ordering the Elements in the Periodic Table, Royal Chemical Society
• Eric Scerri, A tale of seven elements, (Oxford University Press 2013) ISBN 978-0-19-539131-2, p.47
• Origin of symbol Z. frostburg.edu

Masa atómica relativa

• Meija, J.; et al. (2016). “Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
• “Standard Atomic Weight of Ytterbium Revised”. Chemistry International. October 2015. p. 26. doi:10.1515/ci-2015-0512. eISSN 0193-6484. ISSN 0193-6484
• Wieser, M. E (2006). “Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)” (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
• IUPAC – Pure Appl. Chem., 2016, 88, 265-291
• IUPAC – Pure Appl. Chem., 2016, 88, 139-153
• IUPAC – Pure Appl. Chem., 2016, 88, 155-160

Atomicidad

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). “Allotropy”. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”) (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) “Allotrope”.
• Jensen, W. B. (2006), “The Origin of the Term Allotrope”, J. Chem. Educ., 83 (6): 838–39, Bibcode:2006JChEd..83..838J, doi:10.1021/ed083p838.
• “allotropy”, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles, 1, Oxford University Press, 1888, p. 238.
• Jensen 2006, citing Addison, W. E. The Allotropy of the Elements (Elsevier 1964) that many have repeated this advice.
• Raj, G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Vol-1. Krishna Prakashan. p. 1327. ISBN 9788187224037. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
• Molodets, A. M.; Nabatov, S. S. (2000). “Thermodynamic Potentials, Diagram of State, and Phase Transitions of Tin on Shock Compression”. High Temperature. 38 (5): 715–721. doi:10.1007/BF02755923.
• http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0305-4608/15/2/002/jfv15i2pL29.pdf?request-id=AFlRqDDL3BGhbarg2wi7Kg
• Udayabhaskararao, Thumu; Altantzis, Thomas; Houben, Lothar; Coronado-Puchau, Marc; Langer, Judith; Popovitz-Biro, Ronit; Liz-Marzán, Luis M.; Vuković, Lela; Král, Petr (2017-10-27). “Tunable porous nanoallotropes prepared by post-assembly etching of binary nanoparticle superlattices”. Science. 358 (6362): 514–518. Bibcode:2017Sci…358..514U. doi:10.1126/science.aan6046. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29074773.
• “Materials That Don’t Exist in Nature Might Lead to New Fabrication Techniques”. israelbds.org. Retrieved 2017-12-08.

Electronegatividad

• J.A. Dean (ed), Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.5, Electronegativities of the Elements.
• J. B. Mann, T. L. Meek and L. C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:2780 (2000).
• J. B. Mann, T. L. Meek, E. T. Knight, J. F. Capitani and L. C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122:5132 (2000).
• L. Pauling, The Chemical Bond, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1967.
• L. C. Allen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:9003 (1989).
• A. L. Allred J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 17:215 (1961).
• David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 9, Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy; Electronegativity
• Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1960.
• J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, and R.L. Keiter in Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, HarperCollins, New York, USA, 1993.

Distribución electrónica

• Re: Why do electron shells have set limits ? madsci.org, 17 March 1999, Dan Berger, Faculty Chemistry/Science, Bluffton College
• Electron Subshells. Corrosion Source. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
• “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2010-07-18. Retrieved 2010-10-07.

Configuración electrónica

• IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”) (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) “configuration (electronic)”.
• IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”) (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) “Pauli exclusion principle”.
• Weisstein, Eric W. (2007). “Electron Orbital”. wolfram.
• Ebbing, Darrell D.; Gammon, Steven D. (2007-01-12). General Chemistry. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-618-73879-3.
• Bohr, Niels (1923). “Über die Anwendung der Quantumtheorie auf den Atombau. I”. Zeitschrift für Physik. 13: 117. Bibcode:1923ZPhy…13..117B. doi:10.1007/BF01328209.
• Stoner, E.C. (1924). “The distribution of electrons among atomic levels”. Philosophical Magazine. 6th Series. 48 (286): 719–36. doi:10.1080/14786442408634535.
• Pauli, Wolfgang (1925). “Über den Einfluss der Geschwindigkeitsabhändigkeit der elektronmasse auf den Zeemaneffekt”. Zeitschrift für Physik. 31: 373. Bibcode:1925ZPhy…31..373P. doi:10.1007/BF02980592.English translation from Scerri, Eric R. (1991). “The Electron Configuration Model, Quantum Mechanics and Reduction”(PDF). Br. J. Phil. Sci. 42 (3): 309–25. doi:10.1093/bjps/42.3.309.
• Madelung, Erwin (1936). Mathematische Hilfsmittel des Physikers. Berlin: Springer.
• IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”) (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) “aufbau principle”.
• Wong, D. Pan (1979). “Theoretical justification of Madelung’s rule”. Journal of Chemical Education. 56 (11): 714–18. Bibcode:1979JChEd..56..714W. doi:10.1021/ed056p714.
• Scerri, Eric R. (1998). “How Good Is the Quantum Mechanical Explanation of the Periodic System?” (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 75 (11): 1384–85. Bibcode:1998JChEd..75.1384S. doi:10.1021/ed075p1384.Ostrovsky, V.N. (2005). “On Recent Discussion Concerning Quantum Justification of the Periodic Table of the Elements”. Foundations of Chemistry. 7 (3): 235–39. doi:10.1007/s10698-005-2141-y.
• Melrose, Melvyn P.; Scerri, Eric R. (1996). “Why the 4s Orbital is Occupied before the 3d”. Journal of Chemical Education. 73 (6): 498–503. Bibcode:1996JChEd..73..498M. doi:10.1021/ed073p498.
• Scerri, Eric (7 November 2013). “The trouble with the aufbau principle”. Education in Chemistry. Vol. 50 no. 6. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 24–26. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
• Meek, Terry L.; Allen, Leland C. (2002). “Configuration irregularities: deviations from the Madelung rule and inversion of orbital energy levels”. Chem. Phys. Lett. 362 (5–6): 362–64. Bibcode:2002CPL…362..362M. doi:10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00919-3.
• IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the “Gold Book”) (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) “relativistic effects”.
• Pyykkö, Pekka (1988). “Relativistic effects in structural chemistry”. Chem. Rev. 88 (3): 563–94. doi:10.1021/cr00085a006.
• Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. (1999). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 38.
• Scerri, Eric R. (2007). The periodic table: its story and its significance. Oxford University Press. pp. 239–240. ISBN 0-19-530573-6.
• Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). “Transactinides and the future elements”. In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.
• Levine I.N. Quantum Chemistry (4th ed., Prentice Hall 1991) p.376 ISBN 0-205-12770-3
• Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed., Prentice Hall 1999) p.118 ISBN 0-13-841891-8

Radio covalente

• Sanderson, R. T. (1983). “Electronegativity and Bond Energy”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 105 (8): 2259–2261. doi:10.1021/ja00346a026.
• Allen, F. H.; Kennard, O.; Watson, D. G.; Brammer, L.; Orpen, A. G.; Taylor, R. (1987). “Table of Bond Lengths Determined by X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction”. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 (12): S1–S19. doi:10.1039/P298700000S1.
• Orpen, A. Guy; Brammer, Lee; Allen, Frank H.; Kennard, Olga; Watson, David G.; Taylor, Robin (1989). “Supplement. Tables of bond lengths determined by X-ray and neutron diffraction. Part 2. Organometallic compounds and co-ordination complexes of the d- and f-block metals”. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions (12): S1. doi:10.1039/DT98900000S1.
• Beatriz Cordero; Verónica Gómez; Ana E. Platero-Prats; Marc Revés; Jorge Echeverría; Eduard Cremades; Flavia Barragán; Santiago Alvarez (2008). “Covalent radii revisited”. Dalton Trans. (21): 2832–2838. doi:10.1039/b801115j.
• P. Pyykkö; M. Atsumi (2009). “Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118”. Chemistry: A European Journal. 15: 186–197. doi:10.1002/chem.200800987.
• P. Pyykkö; M. Atsumi (2009). “Molecular Double-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements Li–E112”. Chemistry: A European Journal. 15 (46): 12770–12779. doi:10.1002/chem.200901472.. Figure 3 of this paper contains all radii of refs. [5-7]. The mean-square deviation of each set is 3 pm.
• P. Pyykkö; S. Riedel; M. Patzschke (2005). “Triple-Bond Covalent Radii”. Chemistry: A European Journal. 11 (12): 3511–3520. doi:10.1002/chem.200401299. PMID 15832398.
• P. Pyykkö (2012). “Refitted tetrahedral covalent radii for solids”. Physical Review B. 85 (2): 024115, 7 p. Bibcode:2012PhRvB..85b4115P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.85.024115.

Radio atómico

• J.C. Slater (1964). “Atomic Radii in Crystals”. J. Chem. Phys. 41: 3199. Bibcode:1964JChPh..41.3199S. doi:10.1063/1.1725697.
• Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. (1988). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 1385. ISBN 978-0-471-84997-1.
• Basdevant, J.-L.; Rich, J.; Spiro, M. (2005). Fundamentals in Nuclear Physics. Springer. p. 13, fig 1.1. ISBN 978-0-387-01672-6.
• Bragg, W. L. (1920). “The arrangement of atoms in crystals”. Philosophical Magazine. 6. 40 (236): 169–189. doi:10.1080/14786440808636111.
• Wyckoff, R. W. G. (1923). “On the Hypothesis of Constant Atomic Radii”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 9 (2): 33–38. Bibcode:1923PNAS….9…33W. doi:10.1073/pnas.9.2.33. PMC 1085234 . PMID 16576657.
• Pauling, L. (1945). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (2nd ed.). Cornell University Press. LCCN 42034474.
• Bohr, N. (1913). “On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I. – Binding of Electrons by Positive Nuclei” (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 6. 26 (151): 1–24. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
• Bohr, N. (1913). “On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II. – Systems containing only a Single Nucleus” (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 6. 26 (153): 476–502. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
• Slater, J. C. (1964). “Atomic Radii in Crystals”. Journal of Chemical Physics. 41 (10): 3199–3205. Bibcode:1964JChPh..41.3199S. doi:10.1063/1.1725697.
• Jolly, W. L. (1991). Modern Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-07-112651-9.
• Clementi, E.; Raimond, D. L.; Reinhardt, W. P. (1967). “Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions. II. Atoms with 37 to 86 Electrons”. Journal of Chemical Physics. 47 (4): 1300–1307. Bibcode:1967JChPh..47.1300C. doi:10.1063/1.1712084.

Radio iónico

• Landé, A. (1920). “Über die Größe der Atome”. Zeitschrift für Physik. 1 (3): 191–197. Bibcode:1920ZPhy….1..191L. doi:10.1007/BF01329165. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
• Wasastjerna, J. A. (1923). “On the radii of ions”. Comm. Phys.-Math., Soc. Sci. Fenn. 1 (38): 1–25.
• Goldschmidt, V. M. (1926). Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps—Akad. Oslo, (I) Mat. Natur. This is an 8 volume set of books by Goldschmidt.
• Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd Edn.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
• R. D. Shannon (1976). “Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides”. Acta Crystallogr A. 32: 751–767. Bibcode:1976AcCrA..32..751S. doi:10.1107/S0567739476001551.
• R. G. Haire, R. D. Baybarz: “Identification and Analysis of Einsteinium Sesquioxide by Electron Diffraction”, in: Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 1973, 35 (2), S. 489–496; doi:10.1016/0022-1902(73)80561-5.
• Lang, Peter F.; Smith, Barry C. (2010). “Ionic radii for Group 1 and Group 2 halide, hydride, fluoride, oxide, sulfide, selenide and telluride crystals”. Dalton Transactions. 39 (33): 7786–7791. doi:10.1039/C0DT00401D. PMID 20664858.
• H. Bethe (1929). “Termaufspaltung in Kristallen”. Annalen der Physik. 3 (2): 133–208. Bibcode:1929AnP…395..133B. doi:10.1002/andp.19293950202.
• M. Birkholz (1995). “Crystal-field induced dipoles in heteropolar crystals – II. physical significance”. Z. Phys. B. 96 (3): 333–340. Bibcode:1995ZPhyB..96..333B. doi:10.1007/BF01313055.
• M. Birkholz (2014). “Modeling the Shape of Ions in Pyrite-Type Crystals”. Crystals. 4: 390–403. doi:10.3390/cryst4030390.

Estados de oxidación

• Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
• Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in alkalides; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.
• Be(I) has been observed in beryllium monohydride (BeH); see Shayesteh, A.; Tereszchuk, K.; Bernath, P. F.; Colin, R. (2003). “Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD” (PDF). J. Chem. Phys. bernath.uwaterloo.ca. 118 (3): 1158. Bibcode:2003JChPh.118.1158S. doi:10.1063/1.1528606. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
• B(−1) has been observed in magnesium diboride (MgB2), see James Keeler, Peter Wothers (2014). Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach. Oxford University Press.
• B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see Melanie Schroeder. “Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden” (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
• Low valent magnesium compounds with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see Green, S. P.; Jones C.; Stasch A. (December 2007). “Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds”. Science. 318 (5857): 1754–1757. Bibcode:2007Sci…318.1754G. doi:10.1126/science.1150856. PMID 17991827.
• Al(II) has been observed in aluminium(II) oxide (AlO); see D. C. Tyte (1964). “Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide”. Nature. 202 (4930): 383–384. Bibcode:1964Natur.202..383T. doi:10.1038/202383a0., and in dialanes (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner “Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds” Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4
• Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in Zintl phases, see: [1], p. 259 and [2] (both in German).
• Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see Wemdorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2007). “Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions”. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (in German). 62 (10): 1227. doi:10.1515/znb-2007-1001.
• Ca(I) has been observed; see Krieck, Sven; Görls, Helmar; Westerhausen, Matthias (2010). “Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (35): 12492–501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
• Sc(I) has been observed; see Polly L. Arnold; F. Geoffrey; N. Cloke; Peter B. Hitchcock & John F. Nixon (1996). “The First Example of a Formal Scandium(I) Complex:  Synthesis and Molecular Structure of a 22-Electron Scandium Triple Decker Incorporating the Novel 1,3,5-Triphosphabenzene Ring”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (32): 7630–7631. doi:10.1021/ja961253o.
• Sc(II) has been observed; see Woen, David H.; Chen, Guo P.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Boyle, Timothy J.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (January 2017). “Solution Synthesis, Structure, and CO Reduction Reactivity of a Scandium(II) Complex”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 56: 2050–2053. doi:10.1002/anie.201611758.
• Ti(I) has been observed in [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2); see Fausto Calderazzo, Isabella Ferri, Guido Pampaloni, Ulli Englert, Malcolm L. H. Green (1997). “Synthesis of [Ti(η6-1,3,5-C6H3iPr3)2][BAr4] (Ar = C6H5, p-C6H4F, 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2), the First Titanium(I) Derivatives”. Organometallics. 16 (14): 3100–3101. doi:10.1021/om970155o.
• Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary metal carbonyls; see [3], p. 4 (in German); [4], pp. 97–100; [5], p. 239
• Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti(bipy)3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). “Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2′-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926. However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see Bandy, J. A.; Berry, A.; Green, M. L. H.; Perutz, R. N.; Prout, K.; Verpeautz, J.-N. (1984). “Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C6H5R)2]– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C5H5)2]”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 729–731. doi:10.1039/C39840000729.
• Fe(VII) has been observed in [FeO4]−; see Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Zhou, Mingfei (2016). “Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18: 31125–31131. Bibcode:2016PCCP…1831125L. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K.
• Fe(VIII) has been reported; see Yurii D. Perfiliev; Virender K. Sharma (2008). “Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)”. Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 157–158. doi:10.1595/147106704X10801. However, its existence has been disputed.
• Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). “Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements”. Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. Bibcode:2008SSSci..10..444K. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001. and Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). “Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4–and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)”. ZAAC. 636 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/zaac.200900421.
• Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni(1,5-COD)2], see Jonas, Klaus (1975). “Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 14 (11): 752–753. doi:10.1002/anie.197507521. and Ellis, John E. (2006). “Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States”. Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8): 3167–86. doi:10.1021/ic052110i.
• Zn(I) has been observed in decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5–C5Me5)2); see Resa, I.; Carmona, E.; Gutierrez-Puebla, E.; Monge, A. (2004). “Decamethyldizincocene, a Stable Compound of Zn(I) with a Zn-Zn Bond”. Science. 305 (5687): 1136–8. Bibcode:2004Sci…305.1136R. doi:10.1126/science.1101356. PMID 15326350.
• Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see Patrick Hofmann. “Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden” (PDF) (in German). p. 72.
• Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in germanides; see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). “Germanium”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie(in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 953–959. ISBN 3-11-012641-9..
• As(I) has been observed in arsenic(I) iodide (AsI); see Ellis, Bobby D.; MacDonald, Charles L. B. (2004). “Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters”. Inorganic Chemistry. 43(19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
• As(IV) has been observed in arsenic(IV) hydroxide (As(OH)4) and HAsO−3; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Bielski, Benon H. J.; Sehested, K. (1989). “Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 28 (14): 2717–24. doi:10.1021/ic00313a007.
• Se(−1) has been observed in diselenides(2−) (Se22−).
• Se(I) has been observed in selenium(I) chloride (Se2Cl2); see “Selenium : Selenium(I) chloride compound data”. WebElements.com. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
• Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see Lau, Carsten; Neumüller, Bernhard; Vyboishchikov, Sergei F.; Frenking, Gernot; Dehnicke, Kurt; Hiller, Wolfgang; Herker, Martin (1996). “Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)”. Chemistry: A European Journal. 2: 1393–1396. doi:10.1002/chem.19960021108.
• Se(V) has been observed in SeO2−3 and HSeO2−4; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (1986). “Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 90 (21): 5460–4. doi:10.1021/j100412a112.
• Sr(I) has been observed in strontium monofluoride (SrF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1996). “High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride” (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 175: 158–171. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08.
• Y(I) has been observed in yttrium(I) bromide (YBr); see “Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data”. OpenMOPAC.net. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
• Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see MacDonald, M. R.; Ziller, J. W.; Evans, W. J. (2011). “Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y2+, [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 (40): 15914–17. doi:10.1021/ja207151y.
• Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr(bipy)3]− (see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 960. ISBN 0-08-037941-9. and Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). “Zirconium”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1413. ISBN 3-11-012641-9.), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see Bowman, A. C.; England, J.; Sprouls, S.; Weihemüller, T.; Wieghardt, K. (2013). “Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2′-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study”. Inorganic Chemistry. 52 (4): 2242–56. doi:10.1021/ic302799s. PMID 23387926.
• Nb(I) and Ta(I) occur in CpNb(CO)4 and CpTa(CO)4, see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1995). “Tantal”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (101 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1430. ISBN 3-11-012641-9. and King, R. Bruce (1969). Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction. Academic Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-32-315996-6.
• Pd(I) has been observed; see Crabtree, R. H. (2002). “CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?”. Science. 295 (5553): 288–289. doi:10.1126/science.1067921.
• Pd(III) has been observed; see Powers, D. C.; Ritter, T. (2011). “Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis” (PDF). Top. Organomet. Chem. Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. 35: 129–156. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6. ISBN 978-3-642-17428-5. PMC 3066514 . Archived from the original on June 12, 2013.
• The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see Tran, N. E.; Lagowski, J. J. (2001). “Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions”. Inorganic Chemistry. 40 (5): 1067–68. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
• Cd(I) has been observed in cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). “Cadmium”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1056–1057. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.
• In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). “Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties”. Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
• In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [6], p. 69.
• Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see Papoian, Garegin A.; Hoffmann, Roald (2000). “Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks” (PDF). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000 (39): 2408–2448. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
• Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in organotin compounds
• Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see Boss, Michael; Petri, Denis; Pickhard, Frank; Zönnchen, Peter; Röhr, Caroline (2005). “Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− und 1∞[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n−”. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German). 631 (6–7): 1181–1190. doi:10.1002/zaac.200400546. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
• Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in organoantimony compounds; for Sb(I), see Šimon, Petr; de Proft, Frank; Jambor, Roman; Růžička, Aleš; Dostál, Libor (2010). “Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (32): 5468–5471. doi:10.1002/anie.201002209. PMID 20602393. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
• Sb(IV) has been observed in [SbCl6]2−, see Nobuyoshi Shinohara; Masaaki Ohsima (2000). “Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3”. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan. 73 (7): 1599–1604. doi:10.1246/bcsj.73.1599.
• Te(I) has been observed in tellurium iodide (TeI), see “Tellurium: tellurium iodide”. WebElements.com. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
• Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(SiMe3)2)2]+, see Heinze, Thorsten; Roesky, Herbert W.; Pauer, Frank; Stalke, Dietmar; Sheldrick, George M. (1991). “Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 30(12): 1678. doi:10.1002/anie.199116771. Retrieved 2015-02-23..
• Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be ditellurium decafluoride (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see Watkins, P. M. (1974). “Ditellurium decafluoride – A Continuing Myth”. Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (9): 520–521. doi:10.1021/ed051p520. However, Te(V) has been observed in H2TeO−4, TeO−3, HTeO2−4, and TeO3−4; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, K. (2001). “Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study”. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (27): 6637–45. Bibcode:2001JPCA..105.6637K. doi:10.1021/jp010577i.
• I(IV) has been observed in iodine dioxide (IO2); see Pauling, Linus (1988). “Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements”. General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. p. 259. ISBN 0-486-65622-5.
• I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see Kläning, Ulrik K.; Sehested, Knud; Wolff, Thomas (1981). “Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)”. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1. 77: 1707–18. doi:10.1039/F19817701707.
• Xe(I) has been reported in xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon hexafluororhodate (see Pauling, Linus (1988). General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Dover Publications, Inc. p. 250. ISBN 0-486-65622-5.), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).
• Ba(I) has been observed in barium monofluoride (BaF); see P. Colarusso; Guo, B.; Zhang, K.-Q.; Bernath, P.F.; et al. (1995). “High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride” (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170: 59. Bibcode:1996JMoSp.175..158C. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10.
• La(I) has been observed in lanthanum monohydride (LaH); see Ram, R. S.; Bernath, P. F. (1996). “Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD” (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 104: 6444. Bibcode:1996JChPh.104.6444R. doi:10.1063/1.471365. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-10.
• Pr(V) has been observed in [PrO2]+; see Zhang, Qingnan; Hu, Shu-Xian; Qu, Hui; Su, Jing; Wang, Guanjun; Lu, Jun-Bo; Chen, Mohua; Zhou, Mingfei; Li, Jun (2016-06-06). “Pentavalent Lanthanide Compounds: Formation and Characterization of Praseodymium(V) Oxides”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (24): 6896–6900. doi:10.1002/anie.201602196. ISSN 1521-3773. PMID 27100273.
• Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils, ed., Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
• All the lanthanides (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils, ed., Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see Lanthanides Topple Assumptions and Meyer, G. (2014). “All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (14): 3550–51. doi:10.1002/anie.201311325. PMID 24616202.. Additionally, all the lanthanides (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).
• Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils, ed., Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
• Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see Marek, G.S.; Troyanov, S.I.; Tsirel’nikov, V.I. (1979). “Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium”. Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (in Russian). 24 (4): 890–893.
• Os(−1) has been observed in Na2[Os4(CO)13]; see Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; Knoeppel, David W.; Shore, Sheldon G. (1993). “Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO)”. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 454: 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y. and Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; Norton, Jack R. (1982). “Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives”. Inorganic Chemistry. 21 (11): 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
• Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1117. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
• Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines.
• Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO4); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). “Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII”. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733.
• Ir(IX) has been observed in IrO+4; see Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (21 August 2014). “Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX”. Nature. 514: 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786.
• Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the barium platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see Karpov, Andrey; Konuma, Mitsuharu; Jansen, Martin (2006). “An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides”. Chemical Communications (8): 838–840. doi:10.1039/b514631c. PMID 16479284.
• Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see Kauffman, George B.; Thurner, Joseph J.; Zatko, David A. (1967). “Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)”. Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. 9: 182–185. doi:10.1002/9780470132401.ch51. ISBN 978-0-470-13240-1.
• Hg(IV) has been reported in mercury(IV) fluoride (HgF4); see Xuefang Wang; Lester Andrews; Sebastian Riedel; Martin Kaupp (2007). “Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (44): 8371–8375. doi:10.1002/anie.200703710. PMID 17899620. However, it could not be confirmed by later experiments; see Is mercury a transition metal? Archived 2016-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
• Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). “Na23K9Tl15.3:  An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions”. Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
• Tl(−1) has been observed in caesium thallide (CsTl); see King, R. B.; Schleyer, R. (2004). “Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry”. In Driess, M.; Nöth, H. Molecular clusters of the main group elements. Wiley-VCH, Chichester. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-527-61437-0.
• Tl(+2) has been observed in tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium ([(Me3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see Sonja Henkel; Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer; Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz (1994). “Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (6): 681–683. doi:10.1002/anie.199406811..
• Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see Ferro, Riccardo (2008). Nicholas C. Norman, ed. Intermetallic Chemistry. Elsevier. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-08-044099-6. and Todorov, Iliya; Sevov, Slavi C. (2004). “Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn56− and Pb56− in the Zintl Phases Na8BaPb6, Na8BaSn6, and Na8EuSn6”. Inorganic Chemistry. 43 (20): 6490–94. doi:10.1021/ic000333x.
• Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in organolead compounds, e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see Siew-Peng Chia; Hong-Wei Xi; Yongxin Li; Kok Hwa Lim; Cheuk-Wai So (2013). “A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion”. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 (24): 6298–6301. doi:10.1002/anie.201301954..
• Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see Ponou, Siméon (2006). “Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases”. Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien. p. 68.
• Bi(I) has been observed in bismuth monobromide (BiBr) and bismuth monoiodide (BiI); see Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998). Nicholas C. Norman, ed. Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. pp. 67–84. ISBN 0-7514-0389-X.
• Bi(+2) has been observed in dibismuthines (R2Bi—BiR2), see Arthur J. Ashe III (1990). “Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines”. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry. 30: 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2.
• Bi(IV) has been observed; see A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov (1987). “Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III)”. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science. 36 (2): 217–220. doi:10.1007/BF00959349.
• Po(V) has been observed in dioxidopolonium(1+) (PoO+2); see Thayer, John S. (2010). Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements. p. 78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
• Rn(II) has been observed in radon difluoride (RnF2); see Stein, L. (1970). “Ionic Radon Solution”. Science. 168 (3929): 362–4. Bibcode:1970Sci…168..362S. doi:10.1126/science.168.3929.362. PMID 17809133. and Kenneth S. Pitzer (1975). “Fluorides of radon and element 118”. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (18): 760b – 761. doi:10.1039/C3975000760b.
• Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see Sykes, A. G. (1998). “Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
• Rn(VI) is known in radon trioxide (RnO3); see Sykes, A. G. (1998). “Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 46. Academic Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0-12-023646-6. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
• Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see Wickleder, Mathias S.; Fourest, Blandine; Dorhout, Peter K. (2006). “Thorium”. In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (PDF). 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 52–160. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-07.
• Th(II) and Th(III) are observed in [ThII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3]− and [ThIII{η5-C5H3(SiMe3)2}3], see Langeslay, Ryan R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Philip; Evans, William J. (2015). “Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of crystalline molecular complexes of the {[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3Th}1− anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state”. Chem. Sci. 6: 517–521. doi:10.1039/C4SC03033H. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
• U(I) has been observed in uranium monofluoride (UF) and uranium monochloride (UCl), see Sykes, A. G. (1990). “Compounds of Thorium and Uranium”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry. 34. Academic Press. pp. 87–88. ISBN 0-12-023634-6. Retrieved 22 March2015.
• U(II) has been observed in [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U], see MacDonald, Matthew R.; Fieser, Megan E.; Bates, Jefferson E.; Ziller, Joseph W.; Furche, Filipp; Evans, William J. (2013). “Identification of the +2 Oxidation State for Uranium in a Crystalline Molecular Complex, [K(2.2.2-Cryptand)][(C5H4SiMe3)3U]”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (36): 13310–13313. doi:10.1021/ja406791t.
• Np(II) has been observed, see Dutkiewicz, Michał S.; Apostolidis, Christos; Walter, Olaf; Arnold, Polly L (2017). “Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding”. Chem. Sci. 8: 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K.
• Pu(II) has been observed in {Pu[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−; see Windorff, Cory J.; Chen, Guo P; Cross, Justin N; Evans, William J.; Furche, Filipp; Gaunt, Andrew J.; Janicke, Michael T.; Kozimor, Stosh A.; Scott, Brian L. (2017). “Identification of the Formal +2 Oxidation State of Plutonium: Synthesis and Characterization of {PuII[C5H3(SiMe3)2]3}−”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139 (11): 3970–3973. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b00706.
• Am(VII) has been observed in AmO5−6; see Americium, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1265. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
• Cm(VI) has been observed in curium trioxide (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) (CmO2+2); see Domanov, V. P.; Lobanov, Yu. V. (October 2011). “Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3”. Radiochemistry. SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. 53 (5): 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
• Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in curium tetroxide (CmO4); see Domanov, V. P. (January 2013). “Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO4”. Radiochemistry. SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. 55 (1): 46–51. doi:10.1134/S1066362213010098. However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: Zaitsevskii, Andréi; Schwarz, W H Eugen (April 2014). “Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study”. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2014 (16): 8997–9001. Bibcode:2014PCCP…16.8997Z. doi:10.1039/c4cp00235k.
• Es(IV) is known in einsteinium(IV) fluoride (EsF4); see Kleinschmidt, P (1994). “Thermochemistry of the actinides”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 213–214: 169–172. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2.
• Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see H. W. Gäggeler (2007). “Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements” (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. pp. 26–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20.
• Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see Huebener; Taut, S.; Vahle, A.; Dressler, R.; Eichler, B.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Jost, D.T.; Piguet, D.; et al. (2001). “Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide” (PDF). Radiochim. Acta. 89 (11–12_2001): 737–741. doi:10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-25.
• Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see “Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)” Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine., Eichler et al., GSI Annual Report 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-29
• Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see “Chemistry of Hassium”(PDF). Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH. 2002. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
• Cn(II) has been observed in copernicium selenide (CnSe); see Paul Scherrer Institute (2015). “Annual Report 2015: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry” (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute. p. 3.
• Langmuir, Irving (1919). “The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 41 (6): 868–934. doi:10.1021/ja02227a002.

Puntos de fusión

• ​A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan’s Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992
• G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993
• Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4.121–4.123. ISBN 1439855110.
• J.A. Dean (ed), Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds
• Hoffer, J. K.; Gardner, W. R.; Waterfield, C. G.; Phillips, N. E. (April 1976). “Thermodynamic properties of 4He. II. The bcc phase and the P-T and VT phase diagrams below 2 K”. Journal of Low Temperature Physics. 23 (1): 63–102. Bibcode:1976JLTP…23…63H. doi:10.1007/BF00117245.

Punto de ebullición

• Zhang Y; Evans JRG and Zhang S (2011). “Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks”. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
• A.M. James; M.P. Lord (1992). Macmillan’s Chemical and Physical Data. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333511671.
• G.W.C. Kaye; T. H. Laby (1993). Tables of physical and chemical constants (15th ed.). London: Longman.
• Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4.121–4.123. ISBN 1439855110.
• J.A. Dean, ed. (1999). Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds. ISBN 978-0-07016384-3.

Densidad

• IUPAC (ed.). “chemical element”. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01022. 
• “Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry”. www.rsc.org. 
• Wieser, Michael E.; et al. (2013). “Atomic weights of the elements 2011 (IUPAC Technical Report)”. Pure Appl. Chem. IUPAC. 85 (5): 1047–1078. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-13-03-02. (for standard atomic weights of elements)
•  Sonzogni, Alejandro. “Interactive Chart of Nuclides”. National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-06-06. (for atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 103–118)
• Holman, S. W.; Lawrence, R. R.; Barr, L. (1 January 1895). “Melting Points of Aluminum, Silver, Gold, Copper, and Platinum”. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 31: 218–233. doi:10.2307/20020628. JSTOR 20020628.

Estructura cristalina

• Petrenko, V. F.; Whitworth, R. W. (1999). Physics of Ice. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198518945.
• Bernal, J. D.; Fowler, R. H. (1933). “A Theory of Water and Ionic Solution, with Particular Reference to Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions”. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1 (8): 515. Bibcode:1933JChPh…1..515B. doi:10.1063/1.1749327.
• Hook, J.R.; Hall, H.E. (2010). Solid State Physics. Manchester Physics Series (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471928041.
• West, Anthony R. (1999). Basic Solid State Chemistry (2nd ed.). Wiley. p. 1. ISBN 0-471-98756-5.
• International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Volume A, Space-group symmetry.
• Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC publishers, 1991, ISBN (Verlagsgesellschaft) 3-527-26954-1, ISBN (VHC Inc.) 0-89573-752-3
• “4. Direct and reciprocal lattices”. CSIC Dept de Cristalografia y Biologia Estructural. 6 Apr 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
• Ashcroft, N.; Mermin, D. (1976). “Chapter 7”. Solid State Physics. Brooks/Cole (Thomson Learning, Inc.). ISBN 0030493463.
• Donald E. Sands (1994). “§4-2 Screw axes and §4-3 Glide planes”. Introduction to Crystallography (Reprint of WA Benjamin corrected 1975 ed.). Courier-Dover. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0486678393.
• Parker, C.B., ed. (1994). McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd ed.). ISBN 0070514003.
• Kallay, Nikola (2000). Interfacial Dynamics. CRC Press. ISBN 0824700066.
• Hogan, C. M. (1969). “Density of States of an Insulating Ferromagnetic Alloy”. Physical Review. 188 (2): 870. Bibcode:1969PhRv..188..870H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.188.870.
• Zhang, X. Y.; Suhl, H (1985). “Spin-wave-related period doublings and chaos under transverse pumping”. Physical Review A. 32 (4): 2530–2533. Bibcode:1985PhRvA..32.2530Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.32.2530. PMID 9896377.
• Courtney, Thomas (2000). Mechanical Behavior of Materials. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. p. 85. ISBN 1-57766-425-6.
• L. Pauling (1929). “The principles determining the structure of complex ionic crystals”. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51 (4): 1010–1026. doi:10.1021/ja01379a006.
• Pauling, Linus (1938). “The Nature of the Interatomic Forces in Metals”. Physical Review. 54 (11): 899. Bibcode:1938PhRv…54..899P. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.54.899.
• Pauling, Linus (1947). “Atomic Radii and Interatomic Distances in Metals”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 69 (3): 542. doi:10.1021/ja01195a024.
• Pauling, L. (1949). “A Resonating-Valence-Bond Theory of Metals and Intermetallic Compounds”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 196 (1046): 343. Bibcode:1949RSPSA.196..343P. doi:10.1098/rspa.1949.0032.
• Hume-rothery, W.; Irving, H. M.; Williams, R. J. P. (1951). “The Valencies of the Transition Elements in the Metallic State”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 208 (1095): 431. Bibcode:1951RSPSA.208..431H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1951.0172.
• Altmann, S. L.; Coulson, C. A.; Hume-Rothery, W. (1957). “On the Relation between Bond Hybrids and the Metallic Structures”. Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 240 (1221): 145. Bibcode:1957RSPSA.240..145A. doi:10.1098/rspa.1957.0073.
• Liu, Gang (2015). “Dynamical equations for the period vectors in a periodic system under constant external stress”. Can. J. Phys.93 (9): 974. arXiv:cond-mat/0209372 . Bibcode:2015CaJPh..93..974L. doi:10.1139/cjp-2014-0518.
• Molodets, A. M.; Nabatov, S. S. (2000). “Thermodynamic Potentials, Diagram of State, and Phase Transitions of Tin on Shock Compression”. High Temperature. 38 (5): 715–721. doi:10.1007/BF02755923.
• Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). “Tin”. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 793–800. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.
• Schwartz, Mel (2002). “Tin and Alloys, Properties”. Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 1-56676-661-3.
• Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
• A.F Wells (1962) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 3d Edition Oxford University Press
• Harry L. Yakel, A REVIEW OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES IN URANIUM ALLOYS. The Physical Metallurgy of Uranium Alloys Conference, Vail, Colorado, Feb. 1974
• Lemire,R.J. et al.,Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001
• Nevill Gonalez Swacki & Teresa Swacka, Basic elements of Crystallography, Pan Standford Publishing Pte. Ltd., 2010
• Actinides and the Environment, Edited by P.A. Sterne, A. Gonis and A.A. Borovoi, NATO ASI Series, Proc. of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Actinides and the Environment, Maleme, Crete, Greece, July 1996, Kluver Academic Publishers,. pp. 59–61. ISBN 0-7923-4968-7.
• The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements, Edited by L.R. Morss, Norman M. Edelstein, Jean Fuger, 3rd. Edition, Springer 2007 ISBN 1402035551. ISBN 978-1402035555.

Calor de fusión

• Lide, David R. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Ed.. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-420-09084-0.
• David R. Lide (June 2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th Ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4-43 de 2804. ISBN 9781420090840.
• Atkins & Jones 2008, p. 236.
• Ott & Boerio-Goates 2000, pp. 92–93.
• Hoffer, J. K.; Gardner, W. R.; Waterfield, C. G.; Phillips, N. E. (April 1976). “Thermodynamic properties of 4He. II. The bcc phase and the P-T and VT phase diagrams below 2 K”. Journal of Low Temperature Physics. 23 (1): 63–102. Bibcode:1976JLTP…23…63H. doi:10.1007/BF00117245.
• Ibrahim Dincer and Marc A. Rosen. Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications, page 155

Calor de vaporización

• Sears, Zemansky et al., University Physics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Sixth ed., 1982, ISBN 0-201-07199-1.
• Ge, Xinlei; Wang, Xidong (20 May 2009). “Estimation of Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation, and Vaporization Enthalpies of Electrolyte Solutions”. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 48 (10): 5123–5123. doi:10.1021/ie900434h.
• Ge, Xinlei; Wang, Xidong (2009). “Calculations of Freezing Point Depression, Boiling Point Elevation, Vapor Pressure and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Electrolyte Solutions by a Modified Three-Characteristic Parameter Correlation Model”. Journal of Solution Chemistry. 38 (9): 1097–1117. doi:10.1007/s10953-009-9433-0. ISSN 0095-9782.
• Gmelin, Leopold (1985). Gmelin-Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie / 08 a (8., völlig neu bearb. Aufl. ed.). Berlin [u.a.]: Springer. pp. 116–117. ISBN 3-540-93516-9.
• NIST Chemistry WebBook
• Young, Francis W. Sears, Mark W. Zemansky, Hugh D. (1982). University physics (6th ed.). Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-07199-1.

Calor específico

• Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert (2013). Fundamentals of Physics. Wiley. p. 524.
• Kittel, Charles (2005). Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons. p. 141. ISBN 0-471-41526-X.
• Kittel, Charles (2005). Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons. p. 141. ISBN 0-471-41526-X.
• Laider, Keith J. (1993). The World of Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-855919-4.
• International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Division. “Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry” (PDF). Blackwell Sciences. p. 7. The adjective specific before the name of an extensive quantity is often used to mean divided by mass.
• International Bureau of Weights and Measures (2006), The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (8th ed.), ISBN 92-822-2213-6, archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-14
• Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1524
• Lynden-Bell, D. (Dec 1998). “Negative Specific Heat in Astronomy, Physics and Chemistry”. Physica A. 263: 293–304. arXiv:cond-mat/9812172v1 . Bibcode:1999PhyA..263..293L. doi:10.1016/S0378-4371(98)00518-4.
• Reif, F. (1965). Fundamentals of statistical and thermal physics. McGraw-Hill. pp. 253–254.
• Charles Kittel; Herbert Kroemer (2000). Thermal physics. Freeman. p. 78. ISBN 0-7167-1088-9.
• Georgia State University. “Molar Specific Heats of Gases”.
• Hogan, C. (1969). “Density of States of an Insulating Ferromagnetic Alloy”. Physical Review. 188 (2): 870. Bibcode:1969PhRv..188..870H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.188.870.
• Young; Geller (2008). Young and Geller College Physics(8th ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN 0-8053-9218-1.
• Bolmatov, D.; Brazhkin, V. V.; Trachenko, K. (2012). “The phonon theory of liquid thermodynamics”. Scientific Reports. 2. arXiv:1202.0459 . Bibcode:2012NatSR…2E.421B. doi:10.1038/srep00421. Lay summary.
• Iron”. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
• “Materials Properties Handbook, Material: Lithium” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2006.
• “Heat Storage in Materials”. The Engineering Toolbox.

Carácter ácido-base

• IUPAC Gold Book – acid
• Petrucci R.H., Harwood, R.S. and Herring, F.G. General Chemistry (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002) p.146 ISBN 0-13-014329-4
• Oxtoby, D. W; Gillis, H.P., Butler, L. J. (2015).Principles of Modern Chemistry, Brooks Cole. p. 617. ISBN 978-1305079113
• Ebbing, D.D., & Gammon, S. D. (2005). General chemistry(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-51177-6
• Stahl PH, Nakamo M (2008). “Pharmaceutical Aspects of the Salt Form”. In Stahl PH, Warmth CG. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-3-906390-58-1.
• Voet, Judith G.; Voet, Donald (2004). Biochemistry. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp. 496–500. ISBN 978-0-471-19350-0.
• Zumdahl, Chemistry, 4th Edition.
• Ebbing, D.D., & Gammon, S. D. (2005). General chemistry (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-51177-6
• Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., & Kriz, G.S. (2004). Organic chemistry volume 1: Organic chemistry 351. Mason, OH: Cenage Learning. ISBN 0-7593-4727-1

Polaridad de enlace

• Jensen, William B. (2009). “The Origin of the “Delta” Symbol for Fractional Charges”. J. Chem. Educ. 86: 545. Bibcode:2009JChEd..86..545J. doi:10.1021/ed086p545.
• Ingold, C. K.; Ingold, E. H. (1926). “The Nature of the Alternating Effect in Carbon Chains. Part V. A Discussion of Aromatic Substitution with Special Reference to Respective Roles of Polar and Nonpolar Dissociation; and a Further Study of the Relative Directive Efficiencies of Oxygen and Nitrogen”. J. Chem. Soc.: 1310–1328. doi:10.1039/jr9262901310.
• Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98–100. ISBN 0801403332.
• Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0801403332.
• Ziaei-Moayyed, Maryam; Goodman, Edward; Williams, Peter (2000-11-01). “Electrical Deflection of Polar Liquid Streams: A Misunderstood Demonstration”. Journal of Chemical Education. 77 (11): 1520. Bibcode:2000JChEd..77.1520Z. doi:10.1021/ed077p1520. ISSN 0021-9584.

Inflamabilidad, comburencia y radiactividad

• E659 – 78 (Reapproved 2000), “Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals”, ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
• S. Grynko, “Material Properties Explained” (2012), ISBN 1-4700-7991-7, p. 46.
• Principles of Fire Behavior. ISBN 0-8273-7732-0. 1998.
• Zabetakis, M. G. (1965), Flammability characteristics of combustible gases and vapours, U.S. Department of Mines, Bulletin 627.
• Laurendeau, N. M.; Glassman, I. (1971-04-01). “Ignition Temperatures of Metals in Oxygen Atmospheres”. Combustion Science and Technology. Belfast, N. Ireland: Taylor & Francis. 3 (2): 77–82. doi:10.1080/00102207108952274.
• Cafe, Tony. “PHYSICAL CONSTANTS FOR INVESTIGATORS”. tcforensic.com.au. TC Forensic P/L. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
• “Hydrogen – Safety Properties”. Wolfram|Alpha.
• Tony Cafe. “Physical Constants for Investigators”. Journal of Australian Fire Investigators. (Reproduced from “Firepoint” magazine)
• N. G. Connelly, W. E. Geiger (1996). “Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry”. Chemical Reviews. 96 (2): 877–910. doi:10.1021/cr940053x. PMID 11848774.
• Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-72091-7
• Australian Dangerous Goods Code, 6th Edition
• 49 CFR 172.127 General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings; Subpart D
• R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood and F.G. Herring, General Chemistry (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002), p.1025–26
• Stabin, Michael G. (2007). “3”. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49983-3. ISBN 978-0387499826.
• Best, Lara; Rodrigues, George; Velker, Vikram (2013). “1.3”. Radiation Oncology Primer and Review. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1620700044.
• Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; Seaborg, G.T. (2006). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. p. 57. ISBN 0-471-11532-0.
• Eisenbud, Merril; Gesell, Thomas F (1997-02-25). Environmental Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources. p. 134. ISBN 9780122351549.
• Bagnall, K. W. (1962). “The Chemistry of Polonium”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry 4. New York: Academic Press. pp. 197–226. doi:10.1016/S0065-2792(08)60268-X. ISBN 0-12-023604-4. Retrieved June 14, 2012., p. 746
• Bagnall, K. W. (1962). “The Chemistry of Polonium”. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry 4. New York: Academic Press., p. 198
• Severijns, Nathal; Beck, Marcus; Naviliat-Cuncic, Oscar (2006). “Tests of the standard electroweak model in nuclear beta decay”. Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 (3): 991. arXiv:nucl-ex/0605029 . Bibcode:2006RvMP…78..991S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.991.
• “Smoke Detectors and Americium”. world-nuclear.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12.
• Office of Radiation Protection – Am 241 Fact Sheet – Washington State Department of Health Archived 2011-03-18 at the Wayback Machine.
• “Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures”. World Health Organization. November 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
• primarily sourced from http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/radioisotopes-research/radioisotopes-in-medicine.aspx and http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/non-power-nuclear-applications/radioisotopes-research/radioisotopes-in-industry.aspxaccessed 30 June 2016
• http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2007/pdf/5281.pdf
• Boutin, Chad. “Polonium’s Most Stable Isotope Gets Revised Half-Life Measurement”. nist.gov. NIST Tech Beat. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
• Jagdish K. Tuli, Nuclear Wallet Cards, 7th edition, April 2005, Brookhaven National Laboratory, US National Nuclear Data Center
• Interactive Chart of Nuclides (Brookhaven National Laboratory)

Riesgos por contacto e inhalación

• “CDC – Chemical Safety – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic”. www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
• “Chapter 8 – Chemical Hazards”. sp.ehs.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
• “Occupational health and safety – chemical exposure”. www.sbu.se. Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU). Retrieved 2017-06-01.
• “Safety Hazards” (PDF). OSHA.
• “Home”. www.takeonestep.org. Retrieved 2016-02-10.
• “Hazard symbols and hazard pictograms – Chemical classification”. www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
• Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and. “First Aid for Chemical Exposures : OSH Answers”. www.ccohs.ca. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
• “Higiene y Seguridad en el Trabajo”, Resolución 295/2003, Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social, Bs. As., 10/11/2003

Riesgos genéticos y carcinogenicidad

• “IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans”. monographs.iarc.fr.
• “IARC Monographs- Classifications”. monographs.iarc.fr. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
• Ferber D (July 2003). “Carcinogens. Lashed by critics, WHO’s cancer agency begins a new regime”. Science. 301(5629): 36–7. doi:10.1126/science.301.5629.36. PMID 12843372.
• Träger, Rebecca (2016-11-02). “WHO cancer agency criticised for outdated chemical risk methods”. Chemistry World. The Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). Retrieved 2016-11-28.
• “NTP 465: Sustancias carcinogénicas: criterios para su clasificación” INSHT 1997.
• ACGIH Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents. Biological exposure indices American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Cincinnati, OH. (1997)
• COMMISSION FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF HEALTH HAZARDS OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND IN THE WORK AREA Maximun concentrations at the workplace and biological tolerance values for working materials Report nº XXVII. DFG Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (1991)
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment Fed. Regist. 51 (185), p. 3399234003 (1986)
• GUIDELINES FOR THE SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENS State Pollution Control Authority and Directorate of Labour Inspection, Scientific group for identification of carcinogens Norway. (1994)
• HUFF, J A historical perspective on the classification developed and used for chemical carcinogens by the National Toxicology Program during 1983-1992 Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 18, Suppl. 1, p. 7482 (1992)
• HUICI, A., L. REGIDOR, X. SOLANS Clasificación de sustancias químicas cancerígenas Revista de toxicología, 10, p. 3-29 (1993)
• MATULA, T. I. AND E. SOMERS The classification of chemical carcinogens Regulatory Toxicol. and Pharmacol. 10, p. 174182. (1989)
• SANNER, T., E. DYBING et al. Carcinogen classification systems: similarities and differences Regulatory Toxicol. and Pharmacol. 23, p. 128138 (1996)
• THE SWEDISH NATIONAL CHEMICAL INSPECTORATE Classification of carcinogenic substances in Sweden
• VAINIO, H. AND J. WILBOURN Identification of carcinogens within the IARC monograph program. Scand J. Work Environ. Health, 18, Suppl. 1, p. 6473 (1992)

DL50 y CL50

• Safety, Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and. “What is a LD50 and LC50? : OSH Answers”. www.ccohs.ca.
• REGISTRY OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (RTECS)
• COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO THE RTECS Archived2013-05-16 at the Wayback Machine.
• Ernest Hodgson (2004). A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. Wiley-Interscience (3rd ed.)
• “Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS”. Section 11: Toxicological Information for the LD50 verification.
• A.A. Babayan, A.V.Aleksandryan, “Toxicological characteristics of melamine cyanurate, melamine and cyanuric acid”, Zhurnal Eksperimental’noi i Klinicheskoi Meditsiny, Vol.25, 345–9 (1985). Original article in Russian.
• Mecler, Francis J. (May 1981). Mammalian Toxological Evaluation of DIMP and DCBP (Phase 3 – IMPA) (Final report ed.). Litton Bionetics, Inc. The oral LD50 values for the test material, IMPA, were 7650 and 6070 mg/kg for male and female rats, respectively.
• “Safety (MSDS) data for hydrochloric acid”. fishersci.com.
• “Safety (MSDS) data for sodium nitrite”. ox.ac.uk.
• Gable RS (September 2004). “Acute toxic effects of club drugs”. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 36 (3): 303–13. doi:10.1080/02791072.2004.10400031. PMID 15559678.
• “Chemical toxicity of uranium” (PDF). who.int.
• “Safety (MSDS) data for cobalt (II) chloride”. ox.ac.uk.
• Safety (MSDS) data for cadmium oxide
• “SODIUM FLUORIDE”. hazard.com.
• http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/DisplayMSDSContent.doc
• “Safety (MSDS) data for arsenic trioxide”. ox.ac.uk.
• “Safety (MSDS) data for metallic arsenic”. ox.ac.uk.
• “Safety (MSDS) data for sodium cyanide”. ox.ac.uk.
• “Safety (MSDS) data for hydrogen cyanide” (PDF). orica.com.
• “Los Alamos Science article for Plutonium toxicity” (PDF). fas.org.
• Inns RH, Tuckwell NJ, Bright JE, Marrs TC (July 1990). “Histochemical demonstration of calcium accumulation in muscle fibres after experimental organophosphate poisoning”. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 9 (4): 245–50. doi:10.1177/096032719000900407. PMID 2390321.
• Topic 2 Toxic Chemicals and Toxic Effects Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
• http://biology.unm.edu/toolson/biotox/representative_LD50_values.pdf
• Fleming DO, Hunt DL (2000). Biological Safety: principles and practices. Washington, DC: ASM Press. p. 267. ISBN 1-55581-180-9.
• Society, Author: Marion Brünglinghaus, ENS, European Nuclear. “Lethal dose”. www.euronuclear.org.
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• Lipnick RL, Cotruvo JA, Hill RN, Bruce RD, Stitzel KA, Walker AP, Chu I, Goddard M, Segal L, Springer JA (March 1995). “Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures”. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 33 (3): 223–31. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-C. PMID 7896233.

Etiquetado de seguridad

• “GHS implementation – Transport – UNECE”. www.unece.org. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
• Health and Safety Executive (n.d.). “UK Government HSE website”. UK Government.
• “GHS: What’s Next? | Visual.ly”. visual.ly. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
• UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods – Model Regulations, Rev. 19 Volume I Archived November 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 2015, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, retrieved 6 November 2015
• “Part 3 Health Hazards” (PDF). Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Second revised edition. United Nations. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
• “GHS pictograms – Transport – UNECE”. www.unece.org. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
• “Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals – GHS”. www.osha.gov. Archived from the originalon 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2015-06-18.
• Hazardous chemicals Archived November 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
• European Commission CLP/GHS – Classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures Archived April 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
• “FAQs on Hazard Communication Standard, GHS Labels, Safety Data Sheets, HazCom Training”. www.jjkeller.com. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
• “Policy of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)”. CPSC.gov. 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
• “Riesgos del trabajo. Aseguradoras de Riesgos del Trabajo y Empleadores Autoasegurados. Programación en materia de prevención. Sistema Globalmente Armonizado de Clasificación y Etiquetado de Productos Químicos (SGA/GHS) en el ámbito laboral. Su implementación.”, Resolución 801/2015, Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo, Buenos Aires, 10 de abril de 2015. B.O.: 14/4/15

Pictogramas para el transporte (CEE-MERCOSUR)

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Panel de seguridad

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Rombo NFPA 704

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• “NFPA 704: Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response”. 2017.
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Categorías toxicológicas

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• “NFPA 704: Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response”. 2017.

Principio de Aufbau

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Tendencias periódicas

• Harry H. Sister (1963). Electronic structure, properties, and the periodic law. New York: Reinhold publishing corporation. The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of the charges on their atomic nuclei i.e. their atomic numbers.
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Atómica comparativa

• http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/19/6/581.full.pdf
• Pauling, Linus (1998). General Chemistry. Dover. p. 94. ISBN 0-486-65622-5.

Simbología química

• “Periodic Table – Royal Society of Chemistry”. www.rsc.org.
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• Sonzogni, Alejandro. “Interactive Chart of Nuclides”. National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-06-06. (for atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 103–118)
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Formación de compuestos

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Nomenclatura inorgánica

• International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): RSC–IUPAC. ISBN 0-85404-438-8.Electronic version..
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Bloques electrónicos

• Charles Janet, La classification hélicoïdale des éléments chimiques, Beauvais, 1928
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Clasificación por familias

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